The Influence of Storage in Saline or Irradiation by Ultraviolet on Surface Hydrophilicity of Implant and Osseointegration: An Experimental Study in Rabbits
Storage in aqueous solution or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can retain or regain the hydrophilicity of titanium implant surface. In this study, 3 types of commercial titanium implants were used: ZBL (ZDI Bone Level), CEL (C-tech Esthetic Line), and modSLA (Straumann SLActive). ZBL and CEL implants were treated with UV irradiation for 4 hours. Surface characterization of the 4 groups (ZBL, ZBL-UV, CEL-UV, and modSLA) was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. The in vivo bone response was evaluated by removal torque (RTQ) tests and histomorphometric analysis at 3, 6, and 12 weeks postimplantation. A total of 144 implants and 36 rabbits were used for experiments according to a previously established randomization sequence. The ZBL-UV, CEL-UV, and modSLA groups were hydrophilic, and nanostructures were observed on the modSLA implant surface. ModSLA achieved better RTQ value than ZBL at 12 weeks (P < .05). For histomorphometric analysis, ZBL-UV and CEL-UV implants showed higher bone area values in the cancellous bone zone at 6 weeks than did modSLA and ZBL implants (P < .05). In the cortical bone zone, all groups showed comparable bone-to-implant contact at all healing time points (P > .05). Both storage in saline and UV irradiation could retain or provoke hydrophilic surfaces and improve osseointegration. Compared with storage in saline, UV irradiation displayed slight advantages in promoting new bone formation in cancellous bone zone at an early stage.
Surgical procedures: (a) incisions in the femoral condyle (upper) and tibial metaphyses (lower) and (b) implant and healing abutment after implantation.
Scanning electron microscopy images of ZBL (a, b, c), ZBL-UV (d, e, f), CEL-UV (g, h, i), and modSLA (j, k, l) at 5000 magnification (a, d, g, j), 20,000 magnification (b, e, h, k), and 100,000 magnification (c, f, i, l). CEL indicates C-tech Esthetic Line; modSLA, Straumann SLActive; UV, ultraviolet; ZBL, ZDI Bone Level.
Implant hydrophilicity of ZBL-UV (a, b), CEL-UV (c, d), modSLA (e, f), and ZBL (g, h) before and after examination. CEL indicates C-tech Esthetic Line; modSLA, Straumann SLActive; UV, ultraviolet; ZBL, ZDI Bone Level.
Light micrographs of ZBL-UV (a, b, c), CEL-UV (d, e, f), modSLA (g, h, i), and ZBL (j, k, l) at 3 (a, d, g, j), 6 (b, e, h, k), and 12 (c, f, i, l) weeks in the cancellous bone. CEL indicates C-tech Esthetic Line; modSLA, Straumann SLActive; UV, ultraviolet; ZBL, ZDI Bone Level.
Light micrographs of ZBL-UV (a, b, c), CEL-UV (d, e, f), modSLA (g, h, i), and ZBL (j, k, l) at 3 (a, d, g, j), 6 (b, e, h, k), and 12 (c, f, i, l) weeks in the cortical bone. CEL indicates C-tech Esthetic Line; modSLA, Straumann SLActive; UV, ultraviolet; ZBL, ZDI Bone Level.
Bone area in the cortical bone within 200 μm around the implant in the 4 groups at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. n = 6; *P < .05, **P < .01.
Bone area in the cancellous bone within 200 μm around the implant in the 4 groups at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. n = 6; *P < .05, **P < .01.
Bone-to-implant contact in the cortical bone section in the 4 groups at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. n = 6.
Bone-to-implant contact in the cancellous bone section in the 4 groups at 3, 6, and 12 weeks. n = 6.
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