Influence of Titanium Surface Treatments on Formation of the Blood Clot Extension
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of 3 different implant surface treatments on the extension of human blood clot formation. For this purpose, the 3 types of surfaces (as-machined; test group 1, titanium discs blasted with aluminum oxide particles and washed with nitric acid; test group 2, titanium discs blasted with titanium oxide particles and washed with maleic acid) obtained were evaluated regarding topography and blood clot extension formation. Data suggest that different treatments applied on implant surfaces confer different mechanical and chemical properties, and that titanium discs blasted with aluminum oxide particles and washed with nitric acid exhibited the widest blood clot extension (P < .001).
Scanning electron microscopy of (a) as-machined surface, (b) titanium discs blasted with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles (100 µm) and washed with nitric acid (HNO3) solution, and (c) titanium discs blasted with titanium oxide (TiO2) particles (50–100 µm) and washed with maleic acid (HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H).
Atomic force microscope analysis of (a) as-machined surface, (b) titanium discs blasted with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles (100 µm) and washed with nitric acid (HNO3) solution, and (c) titanium discs blasted with titanium oxide (TiO2) particles (50–100 µm) and washed with maleic acid (HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H).
(a) Scanning electron microscopy of as-machined surface after 20 minutes of blood exposure. Fibrin filaments with trapped blood cells cover a small area of the implant surface. (b) Dense fibrin and red blood cells on TG1 covering all implant surface. (c) Fibrin scaffold is thin in TG2 surface. There are some implant surfaces exposed after blood exposure.
Box-plot of whole blood extension (% area) of all evaluated surfaces. Kruskal-Wallis test (P < .001).
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