Effect of Anesthetics Containing Lidocaine and Epinephrine on Cardiovascular Changes During Dental Implant Surgery
The purpose of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular changes during dental implant surgery using 2% lidocaine with 1:80 000 epinephrine. Eleven normotensive subjects, ranging from 18 to 56 years, were selected to undergo dental implant surgery in the jaw. They were monitored in the pre-, intra-, and postsurgical periods by continuous noninvasive automatic arterial pressure and cardiac frequency measurements taken every 2 minutes. Parameter scores were obtained for the following phases: P1, 15 minutes during preparation of the patient (control period); P2, before anesthesia; P3, immediately after anesthesia; P4, 2 minutes into anesthesia; P5, during incision and detachment; P6, during perforation; P7, during implant placement; P8, during suturing; P9, on completion; and P10, 10 minutes after termination. Individualized statistical analysis for each group during the pre-, intra-, and postoperative periods were performed by analysis of variance. The greatest variations in systolic pressure were increases of 2.29% during phase P2 and 2.59% in phase P5. Diastolic pressure decreased during phase P6 (−2.58%) and increased in P10 (3.27%). The greatest changes in heart rate occurred in phase P10 (−3.24%). There were no statistically significant changes among the evaluated phases (P > .05). In conclusion, there were no changes in the analyzed cardiocirculatory parameters during dental implant surgery (systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures and heart rate) in normotensive subjects anesthetized with 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:80 000.Abstract

Contributor Notes
Fátima N. Faraco, DDS, MS, PhD, is a professor and head of Bioethics and Biosafety in the Department of Peridontics and Implantology, School of Dentistry, University of Santo Amaro, SP, Brazil
Paulo Y. Kawakami, DDS, MS, is a professor and Maria J. Mestnik, DDS, is a clinical assistant in the Oral Implantology Clinic, Development Association for Dentistry, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
Daniel S. Ferrari, DDS, is a graduate student and Jamil A. Shibli, DDS, MS, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
Address correspondence to Dr Shibli at Centro de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Extensão—CEPPE, Universidade Guarulhos-UnG, Rua Dr, Nilo Peçanha, 81—Prédio U—6° andar, Guarulhos, SP, 07011-040, Brazil (jashibli@yahoo.com)